Professional formation

• Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India:  B. Sc (Hons) Physics (1970)

• University of Delhi, Delhi, India: M.Sc Physics (1972)

• University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.: D.Phil Astrophysics (1977)

• National Solar Observatory, Sunspot, U.S.A.:Solar Physics (1982-93)

• Kiepenheuer Institute, Freiburg, Germany: Solar Physics (1983-85)

• Queen Mary College, London, U.K.: Solar Physics (1985-87)

• Harvard University (CFA), Cambridge, U.S.A.: Solar Physics (1991-92)