VI. SUBORDINATE CLAUSES


Table of contents:

  1. Equivalent clauses
  2. Interrogatives
  3. Clauses via amplification

1. Equivalent clauses

This includes coordinate clauses (those joined by "and", "or", "but") and some subordinate clauses. A few such conjunctions here are & (and), # (but) < ( before) and > (after). A space on either sides of these words is necessary.


2. Interrogatives

2.1: Interrogative table

Table 6
Interrogitive/
demonstrative
Correlatives Relative
{1} = what/who?    
{2} = why? {+} = for the same
reason that
{*} = because
{3} = how? {=} = "as" {^} = by the means that
{4} = where? {|} = "where"  
{5} = when? {\} = "when"  
{6} = how much/many?" {:} = "as much as"  

The last column, "relative" has the last 3 rows empty since an event (represented by the subordinate clause) can't serve as a place, time or quantity (but can serve as a reason or means).

Pronominal relatives/correlatives are treated in section 7.

The interrogatives are placed according to their PoS. However, whereas pronominal interrogatives behave like 0th generation words, adverbial and adjectival ones are prefixed to they VP or NP they qualify. A sentence initial "?" acts as sentence delimiter.

Demonstratives, which are used not spatially but to imply stress, are formed like interrogatives, except the initial _?_ is dropped. Some examples:

_u f+h_ ===> _?u 2f+h_
"you fear the being"   "why do you fear the being"

_u f+1_ ===> _u f+1h_
"whom do you fear?"   "you fear that/this being"

_px v u + i N u_
"the bird sees you for the same reason that I know you"
 
_px v u * i N u_
"the bird sees you because I know you"

2.2:    Interrogative adjective

A prefixed _?_, which is inseperably bound, serves as the interrogative qualifier. It can be used as adjective and adverb. Example:
_?h N u_
"what being knows you?"
_h ?v s_
"how do you see it?"

Note that the last sentence is different from _3 h v s?_, also translated alike. The former questions manner, the latter the means. Thus, an answer to the former can be _t1_ "carefully"; while to the latter one could be _bn`m_ "by means of a binocular".

2.3:     yes/no questions

These use a sentence-initial "?". If a particular component of the sentence is being singled out for stress, then "?" is suffixed to that object. Example:
_?u f+h_
"do you fear the being?"
_?u f?+h_
"do you fear the being?"
_?u f+h?_
"do you fear the being?"

3.     Clauses via amplification

The Lynu term for the formation of noun clauses, such as ones introduced by "that.." is "amplification". The noun is visualized as being magnified or amplified. This type of clause is delimited by brackets "(" and ")". Perhaps amplification can be described as a generalization of subordinate clauses, since one can use it to replace any component of sentence, including verbs. In amplification a noun/verb is substituted by a bracketed expression, with one of the brackets optional if it can be inferred otherwise.

3.1: Amplification

There is, in truth, no word in Lin corresponding to the conjunction "that". Formally, the bracket "(", which introduces some subordinate clauses may at times appear to function like "that", tho.

3.1.1: Object amplification:

An example:

_u a+ki_ = "you help [the] baby"
_m+n(u a+ki_ = "management knows THAT you help [the] baby"

It is unnecessary, tho allowed, to write out the full form: _m+n (u a+ki)_.

3.1.2: Subject amplification:

An example:

_u a+ki)\/m
you help child THAT -E(1,2)- be- meant
"it is meant that you help the child"

The full form: _(u a+ki)\/m_ is not necessary in this case.

3.1.3: Verb amplification:

The corresponding term in formal grammar, "the verbal clause", does not exist, to my knowledge. But to the alien Lynu psyche this linguistic universal does not apply! The "verbal clause" is a specific action thought to be caused, or to be indirectly caused, by the agent acting thru the object of the main clause. The amplified unit is assumed to be first generation (if generation has to be marked). Thus, e.g.,:

_h (u a+ki)_ = _u (u a+ki_
(human) being BEGIN you help baby END
"the being does the action that you help the baby", or
"the being causes you help the baby".
 
_h (u a+ki) i_
"the being subjects me to the action that you help the baby", or:
"the being causes me to cause you to help the baby"


(to be augmented)

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